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Introduction
Established on June 18, 2003 as the first state cabinet-level Department of Homeland Security, the Alabama Department of Homeland Security (ALDHS) coordinates with federal, state, local and private sector officials to collect and analyze information regarding terrorist threats and activities, to protect lives and safeguard property. As part of this mission, the department facilitates collection and delivery of relevant information to first-line responders. In total, ALDHS is responsible for protecting each of Alabama's 67 counties, a Native American tribe, several major waterways and nuclear plants, a port and 28 identified critical assets.

The Geospatial Training and Application Center (GTAC) at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center bridges the gap between research/developers and end users in the area of spatial technology research and product development. As a state agency, GTAC is uniquely positioned to help governmental agencies across the State of Alabama design, implement and sustain geospatial information systems supporting local, county and state governmental mapping initiatives.

Challenge
Sharing homeland security information within the government, even between departments, can be tricky due to the information's sensitive and proprietary nature. Agencies fear that sensitive data, such as the locations of critical infrastructure, will leak. And with no secure platform for sharing data, governmental departments and agencies often favor secrecy over transparency. This reluctance to share information also makes it difficult for government officials and emergency teams to respond effectively to emergency situations, since they have no common data set or means of communicating across departments or teams. Financially, limited information-sharing can also lead to overlapping expenses as departments separately acquire the same sets of data.

One of the first assignments Alabama Governor Bob Riley gave ALDHS when it was first established in 2003 was to better understand what critical homeland security data the state already possessed and, by extension, what data it should focus on acquiring. Data inventory surveys indicated that state agencies had already collected massive amounts of imagery and geospatial data under contract in prior years. Tasked with working across departmental lines as well as at state and local levels of government, ALDHS identified a need for a secure, common information-sharing platform on which to compile and evaluate the data that different departments and groups had collected. Given a significant wealth gap across the state's counties, this information-sharing platform also needed to be relatively inexpensive so that ALDHS could offer it free of charge to county governments. In turn, each of the county governments would be motivated to share and upload their local information to the platform.

Solution
ALDHS approached GTAC to assess geospatial options for this common platform. They agreed that the end product not only needed to be affordable and internet-based but also absolutely secure and easy to use. After reviewing solutions offered by several leading technology vendors, ALDHS chose Google Earth Enterprise, the solution for creating and publishing customized Google Earth databases on private networks. Not only did the Google platform offer an intuitive interface that was accessible to users not trained as GIS specialists, but it was powerful enough to integrate large volumes of GIS data into a consistent, effective graphical display. And there is no dependence on connections to the public Internet. Upon receiving a favorable recommendation from the evaluation team, ALDHS Director, Jim Walker convened a meeting with representatives from 25 departments in the state's government to assess their confidence in the proposed solution. A resounding vote of confidence from each departmental representative led the way to an official launch in August 2006 of the "Virtual Alabama" program.

Results
With Google Earth Enterprise, Virtual Alabama can now assemble, display, evaluate and share data with state, county and municipal governments, including emergency responder teams and law enforcement. Despite initial worries that state, county and municipal governments would be reluctant to share their data, rapid program adoption by some of the poorest counties in Alabama -- many of which had never seen their county mapped in a unified geospatial system -- spurred more affluent counties to quickly follow suit in bouts of friendly competition. Since program launch the Virtual Alabama user base has grown to approximately 400 users from 75 departments across the state. County and municipal governments now supply approximately 80 percent of the state's geospatial data. In addition, ALDHS is now not only sharing disaster management data on the Google Earth Enterprise platform but also data from such areas as the state's education, economic and agricultural segments as well. ALDHS and GTAC continue to work with every county to incorporate additional information and train personnel in using the Google Earth Enterprise solution.

Security and Usability
According to Chris Johnson, Vice President of Geospatial Technologies at GTAC, "the thing that has made Virtual Alabama successful is that contributing groups have no fear of redistribution of the data." Because of this level of security, Virtual Alabama has created a community of users across government lines that are dependent on each other. "The strongest part of this program is not the hardware, the platform, or the data collection, but the community of users that has given strength to the program," says Ms. Johnson. Moreover, she notes, "we see Google Earth Enterprise as a keystone to this program" for a number of reasons, not the least of which is usability. "We call it a twelve-year-old program," she adds, "because any twelve-year-old could use it. We hope you don't mind."

Security and Usability
The system enables staff to access a subset of District datasets stored in the SFWMD Enterprise GIS Data Library using the Google Earth Enterprise Client. In addition, users can incorporate output from Google Earth in presentations and documents. Movies can be generated and presented in electronic form for distribution and on websites. Screen captures and prints can be generated and presented electronically and in hard copy.

Economic Efficiency
With the common platform provided by Google Earth Enterprise, Alabama has significantly reduced duplication of effort across departments because users have a common database from which to draw. The common operating picture has in turn reduced overlapping costs within the state. State offices have also been able to use the collected data to better identify the spending holes and address the state's economic challenges.

Application
The central goal of the Virtual Alabama program is to ensure "the right people have the right information at the right time." Using Google Earth for Enterprise, the Virtual Alabama team has built what the department calls a "bridge of communication between emergency responders." Equipped with the Google Earth platform, ALDHS has been able do such things as model hazardous explosions with resulting plume possibilities, allowing department officials to plan public evacuation routes more effectively.

In addition, SketchUp, Google's three-dimensional architectural modeling tool, has given the Virtual Alabama team the capability to build accurate models of schools and critical fixed assets, and overlay those models with fire hydrant, electrical wire, and hazardous chemical data. With the enhanced situational awareness provided by such data, ALDHS officials can not only plan more effective disaster response scenarios, but emergency teams are better equipped to respond to crises because they have access to accurate data shared by all ER teams.

Encouraged by the success of the program's first stage of implementation, ALDHS is working with the Google Earth team to develop tools that take situational awareness to the next level. Planned applications include delivering detailed views of the interiors of buildings including furniture and live footage, directing responder teams in emergencies through the platform, overlaying real-time data (traffic, etc.) with route mapping to better manage and control resources and integrating a public emergency broadcast system.

General examples of real-time application of Virtual Alabama include:

Conclusion
Google Earth Enterprise has provided a highly effective framework in which to support public sector programs in Alabama. As a platform, it has helped produce the common operational picture needed to protect lives and safeguard Alabama citizens in times of man-made or natural disasters. Having a secure, dynamic, common information-sharing platform has allowed Alabama to reach the next level in emergency preparedness and disaster management.

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